Mid-Year Exam

During Week 6 you will have a Geography Practice Exam.

Duration: 2 hours
Topics: skills & NZ popn

Exam format:
The skills exam is in the exact same format as your end of year exam.
The NZ popn exam is in the form of an END OF TOPIC test. I have not made it the same format as the end of year exam becauase we have not finished Monsoon Asia.

Equipment to bring to the exam:

HB pencil

Colouring pencils (sharpened)

Ruler

A piece of string

Eraser

Black or Blue Pen (not red or green)

Protractor

Compass

STUDY HARD :)

see you next week :)

Reading and drawing Maps

Today we practiced Geographic Skills

- grid references
- reading topographic maps
- latitude and longitude
- drawing precis maps

When drawing precis maps - we must remember:

- make the map very accurate
- use the same colours and symbols as the original map
- always use pencil
- make sure that we put boarders around phenomena
- use the key and add the symbols and colours to the key
- divide your maps into quarters and then eights to make it easier to locate accurately where things are
- use the shape of the land to guide where things are.

5.2 Problems associated with youthful populations

There are several problems associated with youthful dependency (0 - 14 years):

1. Pressure on housing – not enough housing, people living in slums. This is very common around the big cities (New Delhi), where millions of people live in shanty towns with no running water, roads, sewage of any kind.

2. Pressure on schooling – illiterate population. India’s literacy rate is 60%, Cambodia’s literacy rate is 69%.

3. Pressure on food supplies - famine, food distribution difficulties. Natural disasters accentuate this problem Eg. droughts

4. Potential for further population growth as these young people grow older, get married and have children. This will contine to add pressure to schooling, food supplies, housing and health services.

5. Pressure on health services – a growth in diseases being spread around and not being dealth with adequatly to stop the spread.

6. Pressure on working populations to support the young and old.

5.1 Which countries have youthful and ageing populations

Youthfulpopulations in Monsoon Asia:
Nepal, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos

Ageing populations in Monsoon Asia:
Japan and Singapore

Click here to see an animated population pyramid of China. This is really cool.

FQ 5. What are the issues of a youthful population? How are we to solve these?

This focusing question looks at the issues associated with youthful populations and the different ways that countries have tried to reduce birth rates to overcome these issues.

4.3 Why are the populations increasing?

How do populations increase?

1. Increased net migration (immigratation - emigration = net migration)
2. High fertility rate
3. High birth rate combined with a low birth rate = high natural increase

What are the reasons for high birth rates?

• no contraception
• families need big families because they need the kids to work on the farm
• there is no superannuation, therefore children need to take care of their parents. The more children, the less burden it is to the children.
• High child mortality rate means that parents are likely to have more children as insurance, so that they will have people to work the farm and look after them in their old age.
  

Which countries have high birth rates?
Laos
Bhutan
Cambodia – 89% live in rural areas – we can assume they are farmers (agricultural workers) and therefore need big families to work the farm.
Nepal
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
India – 70% live in rural areas – we can assume they are farmers (agricultural workers) and therefore need big families to work the farm.


What are the reasons for low death rates?

• life expectancy rates are high because of improvements in medicine and health faculties
• infant mortality rate drops because improvements in child birth practices and access to mid wives.

Examples of countries whose death rates have dropped are… China, Pakistan, India, Nepal, These countries still have high birth rates so their populations are growing rapidly as result.

4.2 Increasing or decreasing populations?

"Most populations in Monsoon Asia are growing in size."

Jusfity the above statement...

Most populations in Monsoon Asia are growing because most countries in Monsoon Asia are in Stages 2 and 3 of the Demographic Transition Model. This means that there is still a large natural increase in the population due to high birth rate and a low death rate.

4.1 Developed or Developing?

Developing countries are mainly poor countries. They are usually in stage 1 and 2 of the Demographic Transition Model. These countries are traditionally rural socities, maily made up of poor farmers with lare families. When countries enter stage 2 of the demographic transition model they ususally end up having a population explosion because death rates drop as improvements in medicine increase peoples life expectancies.

Developed countries are mainly rich countries. They are sometimes in stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (in the latter stages). They are industrialised (economy relies on industry as opposed to agriculture). They have rapid urbanisation, smaller families and improved education. When countries ender Stage 4 of the Demographic Model, they are highly urbanised, technological societies, with small families and high levels of education.

Youthful Population – Developing Countries
Eg.
Cambodia
Myanmar
Bangladesh

Maturing population – Developed and developing countries
Eg.
India
China
Indonesia

Ageing population – Developed
Eg. - very few countries in Monsoon Asia are considered developed
Japan
Singapore

FQ 4. Are the numbers increasing or decreasing? Why?

In this focusing question you need to be able to explain why different populations are increasing or decreasing.

To do this you need to be able to understand and interpret data tables, graphs, population pyramids and the Demographic Transition Model.

3.2 Characteristics of Countries

Look up China, India and Japan in the CIA fact file and find the following information for each country:

- Birth rate
- Death rate
- % of population >65yrs
- literacy rate
- GDP

What is the relationship between literacy rates and GDP?


Interpreting Population Data, Graphs, and Demographic Transition Models:

Interpreting Population Pyramids – pg 69 of Chittenden

1. The population age-sex structure of Laos is youthful whereas Japan has an ageing population.

2. The percentage of people <>Interpreting Scatter Graphs – pg 71 of Chittenden

1. The relationship shown on the scatter graph is that: The lower the birth rate the higher the GDP, and the higher the birth rate the lower the GDP.

Interpreting Population Pyramids – pg 72 of Chittenden

1. In 1950, China had youthful population, whereas in 1995 China had a more maturing population.

2. In 1905, Japan had a youthful population, whereas in 1995, Japan an ageing population.

Interpreting Demographic Transition Model data (birth rates, death rates, natural increase) – pg 73 of Chittenden

1. Nepal can be said to be in Stage 2 of the DTM because it has a high birth rate and high natural increase.

2. Pakistan changed to Stage 3 of the DTM in 1985-1990. This is because the birth rate is beginning to decrease, the death rate has dropped, but the natural increase is still relatively high meaning that the death rate has not dropped to the same rate as the birth rate.

3. The overall trend shown by India is that the death rate, birth rate and natural increase are all dropping.

4. India could reach stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model in the 2010s.

Interpreting birth rates and death rates – pg 73 of Chittenden

1. Stages of the Demographic Transition Model
- Brunei: Stage 3 (similar to Japan)
- Bhutan: Stage 2 (similar to India)
- Sri Lanka: Stage 3 (similar to Japan)
- South Korea: Stage 3 (similar to Japan)
- China: Stage 3 (similar to Japan)

3.1 Population Make-up of Monsoon Asia

1. Age/Sex structure of Monsoon Asia:
Most countries have a youthful population with the exception of Japan and Singapore.
- About 38% of the population is younger than 15

2. Gender balance:
- Overall balance between males and females, until the older ages where females live longer

3. Racial/Ethnic groupings of Monsoon Asia:
- Some countries have 3 or 4 ethnic groups.
- Most people in Monsoon Asia are classified as either Asian or Indian.

4. Religions of Monsoon Asia:
- Religion influences various aspects of a country E.g. Political system, human rights, living conditions, education system.
- Buddhism, Hindu, Muslim, Christianity are examples of religions that are practiced in Monsoon Asia.

5. Rural to Urban Ration:
- Overall, just over two-thirds (68%) of Monsoon Asia's is rural. (In comparison about 20% of New Zealand's population is rural)
- However there are countries who are at both ends of the scale! Eg. In Bhutan 6% is urban and 94% is rural whereas in Singapore, 100% is urban.

6. Employment of people in Monsoon Asia:
In developed nations like Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore, much of the available land is used for high rise buildings therefore agricultural land is scarce and only a small fraction of the work force is involved in farming/agriculture.
- Japan has 50% of people working in trade and services, 33% in manufacturing, mining and construction, 7% in utilities and communication, 6% in agriculture, forestry and fishing and 3% in government.
- However, India and China’s populations are still largely rural, and agriculture is the main occupation. In China over 75% of the work force is in agriculture.

Jobs are classed as primary, secondary or tertiary. Primary jobs are where food or raw materials are produced or extracted. Secondary jobs are where the products are made ready for people to buy. Tertiary jobs are where people sell and transport the finished products as well as care for people.

FQ 3 Population Make-Up of Monsoon Asia

This focusing question requires us to look at Monsoon Asia as a whole and then look at specific case studies within Monsoon Asia, to show the differences that exist.


We will study:

1. Age/Sex structure of Monsoon Asia
2. Gender balance in Moonsoon Asia
3. Racial/Ethnic groupings of Monsoon Asia
4. Religions of Monsoon Asia
5. Urban to Rural ration of Monsoon Asia

2.4 Cultural Factors Affecting Population Distriubtion Patterns in Monsoon Asia

Cultural factors make some regions more popular than others.

The three main cultural factors are:
- Proximity to education
- Proximity to employment
- Proximity to trade
- Historical factors because people want to live here infrastructure already exists

General notes about Monsoon Asia
Cultural factors make some regions more popular than others. Most people will locate where they can access the best possible standards of living. Many therefore move to the cities such as Beijing and Calcutta. Most cities are located on the coast or on major waterways. This is becuase most wealth in Monsoon Asia has come from trading raw materials such as rubber from Malaysia that are exported at major ports. These are located at good points of communication. Singapore and Hong Kong ae known as entrepot ports. This is where ships from Europe and America would pass through en route to the rest of the Asia. Historical factors have been important here since foreign money was often invested into these ports and they have therefore been seen as growth nodes for the region.

2.3 What are the natural factors affecting the population distribution patterns in MA?

The natural factors that affect population distribution in Monsoon Asia are soil fertility, relief and climate.

Soil fertility affects where people live in Monsoon Asia because people need fertile soil to be able to grow crops. For example, river plains are the most densely populated (over 100 people per sq km) in Monsoon Asia because they have excellent fertility. The Yangtze River delta is an area that has a population density of more than 100 people per sq km. Similarly, the Ganges river delta in India and Bangladesh is a good example of this, particularly in Bangladesh which is the world’s most densely populated country with 950 people per sq km. The flooding of the rivers in the Monsoon season allows the deposition of alluvium across the river/flood plains, making highly fertile soil and an excellent place to people to live in and grow crops.

Relief affects where people live in Monsoon Asia because people need to be accessible to other areas and need to easily build and develop land. For example, lowlands are the most densely populated regions and the mountainous areas are the least populated areas. The Kanto plains of Japan are where the cities Tokyo and Yokohama are built because of its flat land. Tokyo is the most populated city in the world with 27 million people in it. In contrast to this however, the island of Java in Indonesia is one of the most populated regions and yet is mountainous in its nature. People usually populate areas that are easy to build and modify. In Indonesia, people have adapted their way of living by carving terraces into the hillsides to make farming possible.

Climate affects where people live in Monsoon Asia because the people of Monsoon Asia rely on the monsoon rains to grow their crops. For example areas with low rainfall (<250mm/yr) are sparsely populated (<1 person per sq km). The Thar Desert in India and the Gobi Desert in China are both areas that receive less than 250mm of rainfall per year and have a low population density. Similarly the Himalayan ranges in Tibet and Bhutan have a low population density because of the low rainfall and also the freezing temperatures. People have populated areas with high rainfall and a warmer climate so they are able to grow crops and stay warm.

69% of Monsoons Asia’s population live in China and India because these two countries have the best combinations of the three natural factors. China and India both have an excellent amount of rainfall, excellent fertile soil in coastal and lowland areas.

Global Geographic Topic

Over the next two weeks are we are doing an internal assessment worth 3 Achievement Standard Credits.

You need to be in class everyday to learn how to do the assessment. The class notes will not be posted on this site because we are doing work that is copyrighted to World Vision.

In class you will get a workbook that is to completed in class. You can use geographybylizz.wikispaces.com to help you understand more about the topic.

We are going to look at access to safe water to do a practice assessment on Friday 4th May.

Our real assessment will be next week on Thursday and Friday (10 &11 May) on world population distribution patterns.